They seem to be getting closer to our holy grail of PE.
Using Patient's Cells To Make Stem Cells To Replace Tissue
Monday, July 18, 2011 - Stem Cell Research News
Inder Verma
Scientists have developed an improved technique for generating large numbers of blood cells from a patient's own cells. The new technique will be immediately useful in further stem cell studies, and when perfected, could be used in stem cell therapies for a wide variety of conditions including cancers and immune ailments.'There are further improvements that we need to make, but this takes us a significant step closer to the ultimate goal, which is to be able to take ordinary cells from a patient, induce them to become stem cells, and then use those stem cells to rebuild lost or diseased tissues, for example the patient's bone marrow,' said Inder M. Verma, Ph.D., of the Salk Institute Laboratory of Genetics and senior author of the report. Stem cell researchers have been racing towards this goal since 2006, when techniques for turning ordinary skin cells into induced pluripotential stem cells (iPSCs) were first reported. In principle, iPSCs mimic the embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from which organisms develop. Researchers now want to find the precise mixes and sequences of chemical compounds needed to coax iPSCs to mature into the tissue-specific stem cells of their choice. The latter are self-renewing, and can be transplanted into the body to produce the 'progenitor' cells that multiply locally and produce mature tissue cells.However, researchers don't know yet how to induce iPSCs to become tissue-specific stem cells or mature tissue cells with high efficiency. 'We've been producing these cells in quantities that are too low to enable them to be studied easily, much less used for therapies,' said Aaron Parker, PhD, a former graduate student and now a postdoctoral researcher in Verma's lab. Like many other stem cell research laboratories, the Verma lab has been trying to find more efficient ways to turn iPSCs into blood-forming 'hematopoietic' stem cells (HSCs). These may be more valuable medically than any other tissue-specific stem cell, because they can supply not only oxygen-carrying red blood cells but also all the white blood cells of the immune system. 'There would be an almost unlimited number of usages for true HSCs,' said Verma.For the present study, the research team sought to do a better job of mimicking the changing conditions that naturally direct ESCs to become HSCs in the womb. 'We took seven lines of human ESCs and iPSCs, and experimented with different combinations and sequences of growth factors and other chemical compounds that are known to be present as ESCs move to the HSC state in a developing human,' said Parker.Applying cocktails of these factors, Parker and Woods and their colleagues induced the iPSCs and ESCs to form colonies of cells that bore the distinctive molecular markers of blood cells. With their best such cocktail they were able to detect blood-specific markers on 84 percent of their cells after three weeks. 'That's a big jump in efficiency from what we saw in the field just a few years ago,' said Parker.The technique still has room for improvement. The researchers detected progenitor cells and mature cells from only one category or lineage: myeloid cells, which include red blood cells and primitive immune cells such as macrophages. 'We didn't see any cells from the lymphoid lineage, meaning T-cells and B-cells,' Parker said.Another drawback was that the blood cell population they produced from ESCs and iPSCs contained short-lived progenitors and mature blood cells but no indefinitely renewing, transplantable HSCs. Their cocktail, they believed, either pushed the cells past the HSC state to the progenitor state too quickly, or made the maturing cells skip the HSC state entirely.From this and other labs' results, the team hypothesized the existence of an intermediate, pre-hematopoietic type of stem cell, produced by ESCs and iPSCs and in turn producing HSCs. 'We know that HSCs appear in a particular region of mammals during embryonic development, and our idea is that these pre-hematopoietic stem cells are there and are somehow made to mature into HSCs,' said Parker. 'So our lab is now going to focus on finding the precise maturation signals provided by that embryonic region to produce these true, transplantable HSCs.'Once that is done, researchers will need to make a number of further refinements to improve the safety of HSCs intended for human patients. 'But we're now tantalizingly close to our ultimate goal,' said Verma.The study was published in the July edition of the journal Stem Cells.
