Welcome, Guest |
17 Apr 2024 03:16 | |
---|---|
Contact Dr. Tsay (Orange County) , Dr. Luis Lee (Northern California), Dr. Victor Liu (Beverly Hills and Bay Area) , and Dr. Brandeis (Northern California, P-Long Protocol) to consider your options. Avoid any Clinics that offer penile implants to augment your penis if you are NOT suffering from ED, as well as large volumes of silicone oil filler (i.e. not using micro-droplet technique consisting of volumes of 10 cc's/mL's or less), or really anyone not vetted by the PhalloBoards and/or its Community. If it's your first-time, you may want to consider more temporary options, especially if you can't travel abroad; Hyaluronic Acid (HA) has a strong safety profile and is offered by the vast majority of (vetted & screened) PhalloBoards Sponsors. Many end up liking it and continue to pursue it, while others may prefer less lifetime maintenance and opt for Ellanse or PMMA. You won't know until you try. Just be sure you have realistic goals in mind, sufficient funds to accommodate subsequent visits, and a sound state of mind and sound motivations moving forward. Good luck. |
29 Feb 2024 15:16 | |
---|---|
I second Avanti Derma's take on Ellanse. Many recipients of the filler are reporting much longer retention than originally projected by the manufacturer, which is actually great news for penis enlargement patients. Of course, Hyaluronic Acid (HA) is a good starting point and it isn't unusual for some Clinics trial HA first to see how well your penis acclimates to fillers in general. You may also find you like HA and stick with it, especially given its healthy safety profile if you come across a version/brand with better overall retention. Truthfully I'm not sure what brand of HA Moorgate uses, and depending on the nature of its cross-linking & quality, may not be the most ideal iteration of HA for penis enlargement (pure speculation on my part if you've seen such a dramatic loss in a month's time @Kara101349 ). Typically you don't start looking at topping off any reductions until about a year (give-or-take a few months) post-op, so either you're a rare outlier (someone who breaks down foreign bodies rapidly on the extreme end), or the quality of the HA isn't ideal for penile application. This is open speculation on my part because I have no knowledge of what brand of HA is being employed, how/where it's being sourced, etc. Fat transfer is an option as well, but I cannot vouch for the efficacy or quality of Moorgate's FFT work, I've only heard/seen their dermal filler results. If you wish to remain in Europe, Androfill of U.K. or Dr. Horn's own Independent Clinic in Brussels, Belgium can provide HA, and Ellanse is available in the U.K. (I am awaiting on word about Ellanse's availability in Belgium). The only other options for Ellanse that are trustworthy are the aforementioned Avanti Derma in North America, as well as a Clinic or two in Australia, but I haven't been in touch with the Aussies in a bit so don't know the current status there. |
19 Feb 2024 01:40 | |
---|---|
Through my clinical experience, I have found that both hyaluronic acid (HA) and
PMMA fillerpolymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) fillers can be expertly and safely employed for penile augmentation, whether they are used together or in a sequential approach, to meet the diverse preferences and objectives of my patients. Hyaluronic acid fillers are particularly valued for their temporary and reversible attributes, presenting a less risky proposition for individuals exploring penile girth enhancement without a long-term commitment. These fillers deliver instantaneous results in girth expansion and are generally well-accepted by the body, exhibiting a minimal likelihood of adverse reactions. One of the standout benefits of VolumaHA fillers is their adjustability, allowing for fine-tuning to achieve the desired aesthetic and tactile outcomes. In contrast, PMMA fillers are recognized for their enduring results and are chosen by those who desire a more permanent augmentation. The robustness of PMMA is attributed to its microscopic spheres that maintain their position beneath the skin's surface, thus offering a sustained enhancement in penile circumference. However, given the non-reversible nature of PMMA fillers, it is imperative to engage in a comprehensive consultation to ensure that patients have a clear understanding of the long-term commitment and are well-informed of the potential risks and implications. While each type of filler has distinct characteristics that might make one more suitable than the other depending on individual circumstances, there are no intrinsic contraindications to using them in a sequential manner. This flexibility allows for a customized treatment plan that can evolve over time to align with the changing desires or satisfaction levels of the patient. |
26 Jan 2024 06:46 | |
---|---|
Hello
@Abc123 Low and tight is the ideal circumcision in preparation for a nonsurgical phalloplasty. All of the others are secondary but better than no circumcision at all. The difference between loose and tight is the amount of penile body's skin left and how relaxed it is. Tight skin helps keep the filler in place; low scar allows the injector to place the filler as close as possible to the corona of the glans. As mentioned by @hyperbol , it is a good idea (for cosmetic reasons) to leave a small area of the tight mucous membrane (where the cannula cannot go under) to maintain a neck. If your surgeon is open to suggestions, you should go for low and tight. DrC Avanti Derma |
20 Jan 2024 12:50 | |
---|---|
As Dr. Sullivan pointed out, there is no FDA approved penis enlargement filler (or method) per-se. These dermal fillers (Hyaluronic Acid, PMMA, Ellanse, Radiesse, and Renuva) are used off-label into a layer of the penile shaft skin to create volume (simplest way of putting it). These fillers however, have been FDA approved for other specific reasons, none of which indicate girth enhancement, hence the off-label use (which is legal). I should note that Ellanse is still not FDA approved in the U.S. and is only available abroad. In my personal opinion, Hyaluronic Acid (HA) is arguably the safest filler given that it already exists naturally in the body -- medical device manufacturers have cross-linked them to behave as dermal fillers to increase the volume of the skin. They are temporary in nature and somewhat reversible too with the use of a special enzyme to breakdown the filler if necessary. The trade-off with temporary fillers is that you will have to periodically top them off, and the rate at which HA breaks down/reabsorbs varies person to person. A safe bet is once a year, and you'll often times not need nearly as much volume to get back to your size-goal because not all of the HA will have diminished by then. I call this a trade-off because while you wish to seek out the safest option, you'll have to accept that maintenance comes along with it. A counter example would be something permanent like PMMA (Bellafill in the U.S.). Due to its permanence, it can be very difficult and invasive to remove all of the PMMA in the event you have an undesirable result or complication. The trade-off here is that while it isn't as manageable as HA in terms of reversal/complications, you won't have to top it off periodically once you've achieved your final size goal. I should note that Bellafill is FDA approved and by and large is a safe filler too, relatively speaking. So as you can see, some people prefer the peace of mind of HA in the event that they have undesirable results or complications because they are easier to manage, or would like to trial girth enhancement due to HA's temporary nature. On the flip side, permanent options like PMMA or dermal graft surgery offer a sort of "one & done" solution (with some potential subsequent touch-up appointments) which is a life-long convenience but can come with unforeseen challenges, despite complications being uncommon. You have to assess your own risk threshold, size goals, and what trade-offs are more compelling. |
27 Nov 2023 03:38 | |
---|---|
Hello
@mantas , Can you elaborate on your statement about having your foreskin retracted for the last five years? My response could differ depending on your response, but this is what I can say at the moment: Avanti Derma physicians qualify prospective patients using a self-assessment table (see attachment). As you can see, being uncircumcised does not disqualify patients but makes them "less than ideal." It may look simple, but preserving the function of the foreskin is complicated. On the one hand, we need to keep it free of the filler; on the other one, we don't want to create a visible transition between the enhanced area and the foreskin. Also, the foreskin gives a natural sliding function to the rest of the penile skin. This sliding capability of the skin is restricted in the circumcised individual. In the uncircumcised individual, the bundle skin/soft tissue filler creates abnormal volume that slides towards the base during penetration or when pulled, creating the accordion effect. So, even if you keep your foreskin retracted, its mere presence creates the same limitations. Uncircumcised individuals are at a crossroads: either they undergo a moderate approach with a low volume of fillers, or they undergo circumcision to limit skin movement and thus be able to use a more significant amount of product. The clinical results of PMMA and Ellansé are identical since both products are made of microspheres and promote collagen I and III formation. Remember, the only advantage (for some patients) is that Ellansé disappears over time, returning the tissues to their basal condition. Please look for our eBrochure where you will find more information about all the topics in this thread. Please ask for it at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. |
19 Nov 2023 08:00 | |
---|---|
Technique is not the key in this circumstance, but certainly helps in improving your chances for a good result. In the end, being uncircumcised increases the chances of aesthetic irregularity, reported by the most high-volume injecting Sponsors (and by extension, some of the highest-volume penile girth injectors in the world). The U.K. has multiple practices (Sponsors & Non-Sponsors alike) that employ their own technique(s) and it doesn't matter if it is the U.K., U.S., Australia, or Mauritania, or anywhere in the world for that matter -- if being uncircumcised wasn't such an issue, why would these Clinics report their findings? Some of these Clinics that support adult circumcision don't necessarily provide circumcisions themselves, so they aren't exactly benefiting from turning away uncircumcised customers monetarily. |
31 Oct 2023 00:31 | |
---|---|
All very interesting man. I'm going for my second round of Ellanse with AD, likely stopping here, will be 25cc's total between the two rounds. Still interested in HA in the future if I want to experiment higher girth then. I think the blood flow improvement I felt was possible fibrin clot busting. Cant wait to try it again and see if i notice the same thing years later. I use to supplement with citrulline malate, gave me crazy endurance. Every experiment with raw garlic? Shit gave me crazy energy and crazy wood. |
31 Aug 2023 21:39 | |
---|---|
I have a Titan. I will be getting at least 1 round of Ellanse, scheduled in the coming weeks. I'm young, my angle with the implant is about 2:30-2, but all the older guys I know say its 3 or lower. If its lowers from the extra weight of filler I'm not going to worry about it. I'm glad everything worked out. The guys Ive spoken to so far who have a filler + ipp, regardless of the order they received them, said its been a blast and one hell of a combo. Keep us updated. |
30 Aug 2023 15:43 | |
---|---|
Well said but to put everyone's mind to rest, both pmma / HA/ Ellansé and surgical methods like Alloderm / Surgimend and Megaderm can all give you great results as long as you go to a reputable and competent clinic/practitioner. And here meaning, "Phalloboards" you can get the launch pad for your best options and base your selections on your location, type of enhancement, budget and your expectations. Fillers can offer you great results with much less down time from healing up and back into sex. But some people like my self opted for surgery, in my case because I wanted to keep things as biocompatible+permenant as possible and also I am not looking for ridiculous size gains. With fillers I have seen what some people can achieve and its pretty nuts, but its their choice. I personally didnt wan't to get addicted to being a "SIZE KING" Surgical methods tend to take long to heal but they also satiate that tendency to go back for "More and More". But yeah waiting to heal is definitely not a perk, but it sure is a good breaking system for protecting you from your self basically a reality check if you will that just a "little bit more" might not always be the answer. I will say this... I have seen many GREAT journeys on this website with very happy ending and results and really good for them! And some guys that had really awesome results with fillers but just didn't stop while they were ahead... and went from amazing looking cocks with really nice girth and great esthetics to the absurd and abnormal. Try not to be that guy. Honestly no woman NEEDS a 7 inch girth cock. It is just my opinion obviously but having a 6 -6.4 inch cock puts you in that 1% group for a reason. It is a very high achievement... just some really rough math's but if the world population is 7 billion... and you have 6 inch girth puts you in the 1%...that means 70 million and now divide that by 2 because lets say half the world is women (its more btw) you are 1 of 35million men on this planet with that girth....and to be quite honest your more like 1 in 20 million or so once you include other factors. Its enough.... At the end of the day the grass will always be greener for various reasons for various people. Main thing is to think long and hard before going through with something, spending too much time worrying "after the fact" and regretting things you do in life sucks right? It is very important to put logical limitations on everything you do otherwise you will be going in reverse/zig zags your whole life in fog with out lights and that is not a fun place to be. |
28 Aug 2023 02:47 | |
---|---|
Ellanse is a unique compound dermal filler that is not FDA approved. For this reason, its use would be an issue of legality, since it would NOT be permissible to use within the United States. Loria's Mystery Cocktail is also a unique compound dermal filler that is not FDA approved. For this reason, its use would be an issue of legality, since it would NOT be permissible to use within the United States. Comprendes? Do you know why the FDA regulates these fillers? To ensure they meet an acceptable risk threshold and are intended to provide positive benefits to the American patient/consumer. This is to test the efficacy of medical drugs and devices, which means Loria's Mystery Cocktail at BEST is unethical in its use(s), if not outright illegal. Also, I made clear numerous times that I couldn't prove he was injecting illegally, but that I was suspicious of it based on the information available (and elaborated on why). I did so clearly multiple times and here you are saying otherwise. Please READ. Call up any Cosmetic Clinic and ask them to read off their menu of fillers & other injectables. You'll hear Juvaderm, Bellafill, Botox, and so on. Not once are you going to hear, "and our In-House Specialty volume enhancer," like EVER. If they have Silikon1000, they'll inject you with just that. I mean again, nothing about this Loria smells right. Also are you telling me that he uses Silikon1000 (a brand-name) as a core ingredient in his patent, as well as the same ingredient that will be submitted to the FDA for approval? I'd be curious to see if Silikon1000 could sue in this instance, but the legality of this matter is admittedly above my pay-grade. Like if the perfect "mixture" constituted a high enough percentage of Silikon1000 so that it's effectively "Silikon1000-Lite", wouldn't this amount to some kind of infringement? Interesting to see where that goes (if it goes anywhere at all). You got duped by a "sleazy used car salesman" of a Doctor (no disrespect to any actual used car salesmen reading this lol) and you rather not swallow the pill. Every response you make falls flat on its face. You're not doing yourself or the Loria "brand" any justice to be frank, quit while you're ahead please. You claim you don't want to argue, but choose to anyways, all while making points that were previously refuted or addressed. Don't let this "ICU Nurse" thing get to your head buddy. And I was going to wait until later to publish this piece on the frontpage, but since I did mention lymphatics in a previous post, check out this article with a Urological insight on penile injections as well as a case follow-up on a penile & testicular silicone enhancement -- FRESH OFF THE PRESSES: Effectiveness of Silicone Injections for Penile Enlargements |
28 Aug 2023 00:37 | |
---|---|
No one once disputed the use of dermal fillers off-label as being legal or illegal. Every Sponsor, like most cosmetic doctors & surgeons, use fillers off-label and the FDA is well aware and typically don't intervene. Many medications are prescribed off-label all the time. No one here is shocked, it's common knowledge and It doesn't take an ICU Nurse to know this... not only does this make you sound embarrassingly pretentious, but makes me believe you didn't bother to read a word I typed, and yet still had the audacity to reply with something that was never being argued in the first place. My point overall was NOT about off-label use, but rather my suspicion that he's acquired (i.e. imported) non-FDA approved silicone oil, which would then make it a matter of legality. You would have known this if you read what I typed, but again, I feel like you're selectively ignoring details in my posts for whatever reason(??). The amount of volume he injects (60cc's-100cc's +) using Silikon1000 is cost prohibitive, yet he somehow offers competitive market rates for girth enhancement... this explains my skepticism about what he's injecting people with. I'm not claiming I know with certainty that this is going on, and maybe never will, but his history of being a liar and his reckless willingness of injecting silicone oil AT ALL in addition to the cost-per-volume disparity, who wouldn't ask questions? My other contention was that silicone oil is a dangerous choice of filler for high volume in the penis from various credible sources over decades monitoring the topic of male phalloplasty. When the Penuma Implant has complications, you usually see it in the first year or two so you tend to see more negative reports more frequently; the scary part about something like silicone oil is that it can take 3, 5, or more years for serious complications to manifest. The lymphatic system is going to go through hell, especially if this isn't medical-grade silicone oil (even then it wouldn't matter a whole lot). Risks like silicone migration (embolisms are no joke), or granulomas that are much more difficult to treat because the matter is oil and not tissue, and so on, are real problems I hear about from credible sources. In hopefully what will be my last summary on this matter: (1) silicone oil is bad as a penile filler and (2) I have suspicions of his actual filler concoction (despite my inability to prove it). Every other sane, ethical Doctor uses brand name fillers that come in neatly packaged boxes. Dr. Loria is now not only a "Cosmetic Surgeon" (which he isn't) but a Pharmaceutical Manufacturer as well? I mean, come on man. This will be the third time I politely ask you resume the topic at hand, my response was made to clear up what was most definitely a misunderstanding on your part (off-label legality was never the issue). Now that I've cleared that up in addition to reiterating my sentiments in fewer paragraphs so that my stance is understood, and not something I care to argue, carry on. I don't think you're a bad person or an unappreciated forum member either, and I sincerely hope you don't ever have to deal with complications that stem from your injections (and maybe you never will) -- my comments were aimed at Loria and his quackery is all. Again, let's carry on. |
12 Aug 2023 10:52 | |
---|---|
This was literally answered
here, where you even replied after my explanation. Creating a new topic after this question has been answered only saturates the forum with redundant posts, bloating information access for others. Using the SEARCH tab, and typing in Ellanse, my answer was on the first page of results. Please be mindful of this, and I will likely delete this topic altogether, only keeping this around for you and others to see Forum Policy (I just deleted another one asking the same question). A little extra time spent scrolling through search queries isn't too much to ask. Given that I read every post on the forum as well as get updates from Ellanse providers, I would be most privy to the current consensus - and to reiterate what was concluded in the long post I linked above, there doesn't appear to be any definitive answer to the question of this topic "Ellanse Collagen Duration" (yet). If you use the SEARCH tab on PhalloBoards 2.0 , it's quite easy to ascertain that the topic of Ellanse only began to pick up steam 5 years ago (search results there show the age of the posts). Since then, I can't recall anyone requiring "top-offs" or having returned since to report significant size loss (on the contrary, most guys report their size remains stable) -- although in fairness, it could have been mentioned once or twice that some guys have seen size-loss among thousands of posts I've read, but that would mean it's such an uncommon occurrence that it doesn't trend. Given the following facts: (1) Ellanse is non-FDA approved (meaning no available peer-reviewed American medical literature), (2) has its own manufacturer severely under-project its product's lifetime (you would think their researchers would take collagen half-life into account, no?), and (3) has little-to-no reporting of notable size loss on the only website in the world that discusses Ellanse injections for the penis (implying that some men are approaching the 5+ year post-op window, exceeding the range set by Ellanse's manufacturer) -- you'll see the complexity in getting a definitive answer. In addition to this complexity, consider the potential bias that comes with asking the Ellanse's manufacturer (who are already dealing with the fallout from being way off the mark on their filler's duration), or any of the Clinics that I mentioned whom I trust, but they are in fact businesses and not just medical practices, and will likely provide an honest yet safe answer in the favor of a product they use.. I want to stress that I'm not concluding with certainty regarding Ellanse's duration in all or some patients, only that the reported & anecdotal evidence shows that it's lasted longer than the manufacturer's projected lifetime, hence the removal of some of their products off the market (like how the 1 & 2 year options were effectively misleading, even if unintended or unexpected). Also, like with all temporary fillers, our own body's propensity (how efficiently) to breakdown foreign bodies/substances will mean that there will be varying degrees of longevity -+- in conjunction with the collagen type triggered by Ellanse, and its associated half-life or projected lifespan. Hopefully you do get a chance to read this before the topic is deleted (that's if I choose to delete it; it's more that I want this forum to be accessible and not overwhelming with repeat postings). That said, the silver lining here is that you've given me an incentive to create a Topic in the near future regarding this very issue (Ellanse duration) by sending correspondences to Avanti Derma and Androfill, the two leading Ellanse providers for penile-injections in the world, as well as Ellanse's Manufacturer, to get both their opinions and any actual statistics in order to compile all pertinent information in one place. Yes, some of the information I will receive may have some degree of bias (like I mentioned previously), but that'll be our job as a community to draw the best judgment we can with what information is available, because at the end of the day, male phalloplasty is still a new frontier in cosmetic medicine. Also, this new Topic that I'll create will also be a great place for long-term Ellanse patients to chime in with (1) how many years post-op, (2) how many sessions overall, and (3) any notable size-loss independent of erection quality, etc. |
28 Jul 2023 05:41 | |
---|---|
The dissipation of temporary fillers like Hyaluronic Acid (HA) or Radiesse seems largely determined by your own body's rate of breaking down and removing foreign substances. Our bodies all seem to vary in rates of speed when it comes to different things. Think how some people can grow really long hair really fast while others would have to commit to years to achieve the same length. Not all processes & physiologies are equal.. There may be other factors at play as well, but in the end you really won't know the extent of retention until you actually get it done. I have absolutely heard of verified 2 year retentions and on the flip side, as low as 6 months. That said, you have to keep something in mind which may alleviate the cost burden: Typically when people get top-offs, they are injecting less volume, and so in theory you should be paying less than the original price (assuming you are injecting considerably less volume the 2nd time around). Think of this example: after about 18 months you are at a 50% loss of your original HA gains. At this time, if you were to go in for a top-off, you won't need nearly the same volume to reach the size you were the first time around, which would presumably be cheaper. I won't speak for PhalloFILL because despite all the other (non-Dallas) Clinics being affiliated with the company name, they are in-fact independent as a practice & business. You'll have to inquire with whichever location you plan on visiting regarding top-off rates (flat-rate pricing vs price-per-volume injected). I also want to stress how reasonable rates have become despite inflation + being a very specialized niche & uncommon procedure. In the 90's and 2000's, $15,000 was a steal of a price with a strong forecast of depressing complications. I think at present time, my most expensive FILLER Sponsor is around $10,000, and that's largely due to overhead as he operates out of some of the most expensive real estate in the country and also happens to be highly credentialed. More importantly, think about the confidence-per-dollar you get with a fatter cock versus a coveted sports car. While I'm sure some of you have your own motivations, the vast majority of guys want the big dick no less than they want the Porsche, except now we live in a time where the big dick amounts to 5% of the cost of a luxury/sports car with comparable effect. Don't get me wrong, I enjoy promoting healthy competition amongst my Sponsors (while representing them fairly to the best of my ability), which in turn helps keep costs reasonable. I try to encourage seasonal promotions and such to ensure readership here can grab at whatever they can take off the top. At present time, PhalloBoard Members have a 5% Discount with Androfill (Ellanse & HA - United Kingdom) and a 10% Off any Male Enhancement Services from Jiva Med Spa (Which includes Bellafill PMMA). Find their contact info by clicking here and mention the PhalloBoards member discount prior or during booking. Regardless of all of that, let us not forget that this is an aesthetic elective medical procedure that are performed by maybe 20-25 practitioners in the North America worth trusting your penis with (yes that includes some non-Sponsors)... this by very definition makes it a luxury... but perhaps the most inexpensive luxury for men all things considered.
This comes up a lot, and I think it has to do with earlier iterations of HA. As some of you may or may not know, HA is naturally created in the body (one of a few reasons it has such a strong safety profile), and medical manufacturers learned that they can make it in the lab through a technique called cross-linking. Older iterations of HA were used for soft areas (face, etc) and it wasn't until more recently that cosmetic medicine had expanded its use all over the body. Now there are cross-linked iterations much more robust and compatible for use in the penis. This explains why some of the more recent HA reviews (either in a Progress Report or Directory Rating) have been generally positive. What has made PhalloFILL so popular so quickly is that they really put in the work to find the right brand of HA that would provide both the best kind of retention, and more importantly, "feel & naturalness." It should also be noted that you don't want the penis to be too hard much like you wouldn't want it to be too soft. Even an erect penis has some "give" when pressed against the skin. I've been to an Adult Novelty store, and that's when I noticed that ZERO of the dildos (which are meant to mimic an actual penis) were ever as hard as vibrators (which are meant to provide stimulation as an electrical device). Last advice here regarding the "feel" of HA. If you are the type that is hyper-critical then I'd strongly recommend being circumcised and starting with low-to-medium volumes. This way if you didn't like it, it's easy to manage and will eventually dissipate. If you can live with potential imperfections that only you will notice, then go with whatever the practitioner recommends. And by the way, the potential imperfections wasn't a knock on HA, all fillers have a degree of unpredictability, now matter how good the doctor or filler is.
So part of the affiliation is that PhalloFILL provided training (among other things) to these would-be affiliates, and so they are all in theory qualified to do a modest (or even great) job. That said, for me it would be Dallas 100%. They are the ACTUAL FOUNDERS AND COMPANY of PhalloFILL and they've also had a pretty good reputation with keeping patients satisfied (they have the most ratings in the Directory Listing section of this site). However, if budgeting and logistics is of notable importance, then call your closest PhalloFILL Office, many of them being Urology practices, more than equipped and familiar with penile health & enhancement. |
10 Jun 2023 20:41 | |
---|---|
Dr. Hakky in Atlanta. I emailed him about Ellanse, he wasnt familiar with it. He is against PMMA for implanted guys because of risk of the permanent PMMA material getting into surgical wounds in the future (implantees will need revisions eventually). He is a fan of HA because of the usual safety profile (he also sells it). To me Ellanse is appealing because the filler material will eventually dissipate. If you are looking at IPPs, then I'd highly recommend him. Arguably #1 in US or world. |